These facilities have a very high energy requirement and carbon footprint 15.
Advanced AI technology, research, and product design may require massive computational resources only available through large computing centers. Many of these relate to how the technological improvements enabled by AI may be implemented in countries with different cultural values and wealth. Fewer targets in the Society group can be impacted negatively by AI (31 targets, 38%) than the ones with positive impact. AI can also help to integrate variable renewables by enabling smart grids that partially match electrical demand to times when the sun is shining and the wind is blowing 13. For example, AI can enable smart and low-carbon cities encompassing a range of interconnected technologies such as electrical autonomous vehicles and smart appliances that can enable demand response in the electricity sector 13, 14 (with benefits across SDGs 7, 11, and 13 on climate action). It can also underpin low-carbon systems, for instance, by supporting the creation of circular economies and smart cities that efficiently use their resources 13, 14. For instance, in SDG 1 on no poverty, SDG 4 on quality education, SDG 6 on clean water and sanitation, SDG 7 on affordable and clean energy, and SDG 11 on sustainable cities, AI may act as an enabler for all the targets by supporting the provision of food, health, water, and energy services to the population. Sixty-seven targets (82%) within the Society group could potentially benefit from AI-based technologies (Fig. A detailed assessment of the Society, Economy, and Environment groups, together with illustrative examples, are discussed next. 1, we also provide the results obtained when weighting how appropriate is the evidence presented in each reference to assess an interlinkage to the percentage of targets assessed, as discussed in the Methods section and below. This classification allows us to provide an overview of the general areas of influence of AI. For the purpose of this study, we divide the SDGs into three categories, according to the three pillars of sustainable development, namely Society, Economy, and Environment 11, 12 (see the Methods section). However, 59 targets (35%, also across all SDGs) may experience a negative impact from the development of AI. Our review of relevant evidence shows that AI may act as an enabler on 134 targets (79%) across all SDGs, generally through a technological improvement, which may allow to overcome certain present limitations.
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Although there is no internationally agreed definition of AI, for this study we considered as AI any software technology with at least one of the following capabilities: perception-including audio, visual, textual, and tactile (e.g., face recognition), decision-making (e.g., medical diagnosis systems), prediction (e.g., weather forecast), automatic knowledge extraction and pattern recognition from data (e.g., discovery of fake news circles in social media), interactive communication (e.g., social robots or chat bots), and logical reasoning (e.g., theory development from premises). This view encompasses a large variety of subfields, including machine learning. 1 and the Supplementary Data 1 provides a complete list of all the SDGs and targets, together with the detailed results from this work. A summary of the results is given in Fig. Relationships were characterized by the methods reported at the end of this study, which can be summarized as a consensus-based expert elicitation process, informed by previous studies aimed at mapping SDGs interlinkages 8, 9, 10. Here we present and discuss implications of how AI can either enable or inhibit the delivery of all 17 goals and 169 targets recognized in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This is a critical research gap, as we find that AI may influence the ability to meet all SDGs. However, to date, there is no published study systematically assessing the extent to which AI might impact all aspects of sustainable development-defined in this study as the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 169 targets internationally agreed in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 7. Reported potential impacts of AI indicate both positive 5 and negative 6 impacts on sustainable development. For instance, AI is expected to affect global productivity 1, equality and inclusion 2, environmental outcomes 3, and several other areas, both in the short and long term 4. The emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) is shaping an increasing range of sectors.
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